写作的重要性 6分低限，只要结构不出错，得分应该为9分。
评判作文
四级考试作文主要看内容、结构、语言三个方面。
内容不跑题即可，注意：1.不要妄图以情动人;2.不要妄图在构思上出奇制胜。
结构上牢记总分总：先写主题句(Topic Sentence)，再写分论点，后写总结句(Conclusion)。
语言重要，往往使评分产生重大差异，语言要模仿和包装。
基本表达
人们认为：it is generally/ widely believed/ held/ agreed that
越来越：be increasingly + adj., be on the rise, the growing number of
万能理由(Omnipotence)
1. 方便：convenient/ convenience
2. 效率：efficient/ efficiently/ efficiency
3. 节省和浪费：save time/ money/ space; economical, thrift; waste time/ money/ space; costly, lavish
4. 人的心理健康：independent, cooperative, competitive,considerate, confident, creative, sociable,perseverance; selfish, isolated, conserative
5. 人的身体健康：health, disease, strong, strength, energetic
6. 娱乐：colorful, pleasure,joy, recreation, entertainmentm, relax, tired, boring, lonely
7. 环境：environment, pollute, poisonous, dirty
8. 安全和危险：safe, danger, risk
9. 经验：experience, social experience, enter the society
10. 人际：humane, fair, unfair, help, assist, freedom, freely
写完之后修改注意：(内容方面尽量不要修改)
1、字母大小写
2、怪符号
3、单词拼写
4、主谓一致
5、动词时态
6、名词单复数
实例一
题目：Bicycles——An Important Means of Transport in China提纲：(1)为什么自行车在中国这样普及(2)和汽车的比较(3)自行车在中国的前途
Score: 8
Bicycle is an important means of transport in China. The important reason of it is the economy of Chinese. The use of bicycle in China is widely because people in China have not high wage. They can only afford a bicycle, and they have no money to buy a car which is too expensive. So Chinese usually buy a bicycle, and use it to go to work, or go to travel and so on. The other reason is the large population of China. All these made the bicycle become the important means of transport.
The bicycle, compared to the car, is not too expensive and it is easy to learn and to use and it can save the surface of putting it. It doesn’t ask to build the garage like car. This point is very important to China, because of the lack of land. It isn’t too expensive, so Chinese can afford it. It doesn’t need any oil, and it can’t cause the polusion. All of these are the good needs compared to the car.
In the future, bicycle will be widely used. And it will be in good demand. People will produce much more modern bicycles.
Score: 14
Bicycles are very popular in China. Almost every family in the city has two or three bicycles. During the rush hour, you can see that thousands of people -- man and woman, old and young -- ride their bicycles to work and study. That is why China is called “the kingdom of bicycles”.
注：1. 第一句总写，第二句和第三句分写，后总写。
2. During the rush hour 分词结构开头。
3. 破折号内容为同位语,句式多变化。
Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in many ways. First, they are cheap, convenient and easy to ride. Second, riding bicycle is good for health. Third, they bring no noise nor air pollution. Though cars are faster and more comfortable, they are too expensive. They consume plenty of oil and they pollute the air. Sometimes, it is difficult for a driver to park his car. Moreover they often cause traffic jams and accidents.
注：1. Compared with cars 分词结构开头。
2. be superior to/ be inferior to 优于/ 低于
3. thirst, second, third 英语语言有层次感，信号词
4. cheap 便宜，好用inexpensive
5. be good for health 对健康有好处(万能理由)
6. Moreover 表示递进
In my opinion, the future of bicycle is very promising. Since China is a developing country and has a large population, I think, riding bicycle is appropriate to Chinese present conditions. It will be an important means of transportation for quite a long time.
注：promising 有前途的 a promising young man
Score: 11
There millions of bicycles in today’s China. Bicycles are very important means of transport in people’s daily lives. Because to ride a bicycle is very simple, to buy a bicycle will not cost so much money, to park a bicycle needs just a small room and to ride a bicycle does not need oil but the rider’s strength, bicycles are popular all over the world, especially in China.
注：第一句应该用there be结构
Compared with a car, a bicycle is much cheaper. It is more suitable for China as a developing country. And a bicycle has almost caused no pollution but a car has. On the contrary, a bicycle is too slow, it costs more times than a car.
I think the population of China’s bicycle will be kept for the long run. Because it will be replaced by a car, a bus and so on in some developed areas in China, and it will be made a wide use in the developing areas in China, the number of bicycles in China will be the same as today but I believe that it’s quality will be improved.
I、对比观点选择题：1.有人认为……; 2.另外一些人认为……; 3.谈谈你的观点和看法。(好写成4段)
实例二 99年6月真题
Reading Selectively Or Extensively?
Outline: 1. 有人认为读书要有选择2. 有人认为应当博览群书 3. 我的想法
How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.
Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. What’s more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldn’t read them. Since we can’t read all the books and we shouldn’t read bad books, we must read selectively.
But others may not agree, they emphasize that today's society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge, he will have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.
Who’s right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.
典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：
(启)Paragraph I：(1)引出将要评论的事物或者是观点; (2)简明扼要的提出人们在这个问题上的两种不同看法。
Score: 14分
How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.(启)
注：第一句提出问题，第二句提出两种见解
典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：
(承)Paragraph II：(1)提出一种观点或优点;(2)本段的支持性分论点;(3)本段总结(可以省略)。
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Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. What’s more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldn’t read them. Since we can’t read all the books and we shouldn’t read bad books, we must read selectively.(承)
注：1. 本段总分总结构
2. they argue that = they think that
3. with the development of... 随着……的发展
4. what's more 递进关系，moreover
5. bad = pornographic 色情的 & violent 暴力的
典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：(转)Paragraph III：(1)承上启下的过渡句; (2)提出另一种观点或缺点;(3)本段的支持性分论点(4)本段总(可以省略)。
But others may not agree, they emphasize that today's society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge, he will have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.(转)
注：1. But 转折词(信号词)
2. they emphasize that = they think that
3. today's society is not what it was 现代社会今昔非比
4. 许多知识 a wide range of knowledge/ a large scope of knowledge/ much knowledge;
获取知识 acquire/ get knowledge
5. knows nothing→little;he may be useless→he may not be of great use to the society 后者比前者更委婉
典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：(合)Paragraph IV：(1)平衡两种看法;(2)给出自己的观点。
Who’s right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.(合)
Score: 11分
When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, but some other people do not agree with them, they think that reading extensively is better.
注：结构非常好，可以套用。
Those people, who think that reading selectively is better, believe that good books are as many as bad books. Those good books can give us pleasure and knowledge, while those bad books can only lead us to the wrong way. So, they suggest that we should only choose the good books to read and never touch the bad books.
注：1.“people, who...,”应去掉逗号，改为限制性定语从句。
2. as many as bad books 改为 as many as bad ones
3. lead us to the wrong way 改为 lead sb. astray
4. they suggest that = they think that
5. touch 碰(闪光点词汇：如教材P7：shouldering the responsibility of doing sth. 肩负起责任)
But, the other people, who hold that reading extensively is better, think that one kind of books can only give us one aspect of knowledge. Even the best book only contains one field of information. So, they can easily come to the conclusion that “to know more, to read more”. So they believe that reading extensively is better.
注：1. hold 认为 同样表示“think”的词还有argue, emphasize, believe, suggest, claim, insist, maintain, agree, hold
2. the best book 在西方国家是“圣经”的意思
3. to know more, to read more 错误，中式英语
To my point, we should choose good books to read and read good books as many as possible. By this way, we can increase the quality and quantity of reading.
范文22. Is Television a Blessing or a Curse?
Now, it is generally accepted that television plays an important part in people’s lives. But, there is an ongoing heated discussion as to whether television is a blessing or a curse.
注：it is generally accepted that 人们通常认为
As is often pointed out by some people, television keeps one better informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in politics and science, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and stimulating. The most distant countries, the strangest customs and the most attractive scenes of nature are brought right into one’s room.
注：1. As is often pointed out by some people = Some people think that
2. “使……”不用make，而用keep, allow, offer
However, other people insist that television is a curse rather than a blessing. They argue that it has brought about many serious problems. The major one is its effects on young people. They are now so used to getting their information, education and entertainment from television that their literacy as well as physical ability has been greatly weakened. Even worse than that, vulgar commercials and indecent programs may cultivate their bad tastes, distort their viewpoints towards human life to such a degree that their minds might be corrupted.
In summary, television has both advantages and disadvantages. Whatever effects it has, one thing is certain, television in itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses to which it is put that determines its value to society.
范文5. Travelling
People who like travelling have their reasons. They maintain that travelling can help them expand their scope of knowledge, especially geographical and historical learning. They go on to point out that touring will provide more chance for them to enjoy food and try on clothes that they otherwise cannot possible have.
注：geographical and historical 押尾韵，如：押头韵 clear & clean
Those who dislike travelling have their reasons. They would argue that travelling means a considerable amount of money and energy. For example, traffic and accommodation require money and walking while seeing sights often tires you.
In practice, travelling does more good than harm. If your finance and health permit, you might as well do some travelling from time to time. It will at least enable you to get familiar with people and things that you will probably grow to like and love.
注：1. in practice = I think 2. does more good than harm 好处比坏处多，其他表达方法：be superior to/ inferior to 比如：the advantages are superior to the disadvantages 3. enable 使
范文1. Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?
A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test (CET). Some people argue that it is absolutely necessary to hold a test of spoken English in China because we have been informed frequently that a Chinese student who has been learning English for over ten years cannot even communicate with a native speaker. Sometimes even those top students who excel in grammar and writing skills find their English inadequate to express their thoughts freely. A test of English will bring the college students an awareness of the importance of oral English, and will thus help them with their communicating skills.
使句子具有表现力的手段：1、用形容词修饰名词;2、副词修饰动词、副词修饰形容词
On the other hand, some others still maintain that a good command of reading and writing skills will be enough for the English learners. To some extent their opinion derives from the fact that students are already under considerable pressure from their opinion derives from the fact that students are already under considerable pressure from their coursework. Another required test will only add to their burden. Moreover, some students may take the shortcut by focusing on several guessed questions according to the fixed format of the test, hoping for a coincidence to bring them good luck.
In my opinion, a test of spoken English will do more good than harm. Since China will continue its policy of opening and reform, the ability to speak English fluently is a must for anyone who wants to surpass others in a highly competitive society. Whether I take the test or not, I shall spare no efforts to practice oral English in the remaining years of my college study.
范文21. Should smoking be banned?
Should smoking be banned? Answers to this question vary greatly. Some people are in favor of the idea of smoking. They always say that it can get rid of the tiredness and make them refreshed. And they also say that giving and being given cigarettes is a sign of friendship. Therefore, they carry cigarettes with them wherever they go.
注：1. vary greatly 许多种2. be in favor of = agree/ be of the opinion that
3. get rid of the tiredness and make them refreshed 使人神清气爽
4. Giving and being given 给与被给。主、被动关系在英文中用现在、过去分词表达。
But other people consider it very harmful to people’s health. They have heard the official reports that one person in the world dies from smoking every second. And they have heard the doctor’s warning that smokers are more likely to have lung cancer and to increase their chances of having heart attack. In addition, smoking pollutes the air and may cause fire accidents. Thus it has become a major threat to people’s life and property.
注：1.They have heard the official reports that ... 官方报告表明.. 2. be more likely to 更有可能，更容易3. chance 可能
There is some truth in both arguments, but human’s life and property outweighs anything else. If smoking brings us illness and death, why not have it banned by the government? Without cigarettes, can’t we come up with better ways to express our friendship and to make us refreshed?注：1. outweigh 比……重要，同样的表达：be superior to/ be inferior to。overweight 超重2. 后用两句反问句结尾，非常精妙。
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课后作业 Private Cars
写成4段的首段写法：
① In recent years, with fast economic growth, private cars have appeared in many families in China. People's attitude toward private cars varies widely.
② With the increase in the general standard of living, some ordinary Chinese families begin to afford a private car. Yet, people's opinions of private cars vary from person to person/ public attitude toward it varies greatly/ widely./ is quite of the contrary./ differs sharply.
③ In recent few years, the phenomenon/ issue/ problem of owning a private car has been brought to public attention/ in the limelight. People's views on/ opinions of owing a private car vary widely.
写成3段的首段写法：
With the development of modern society/ science and technology, / With the improvement of people's living standard,
more and more people can own private cars.
cars are entering ordinary families.
the growing number of people/ people in ever increasing numbers can have access to private cars.(此句是引言)
支持段的主题句：
Some people claim that/ As is pointed out that/ It is generally believed that/ It is widely accepted that, there are some advantages of owning a private car.
There is no doubt that private cars benefit people hugely.
支持段的分论点：
① 方便 First, private cars provide people with the most convenient form of transportation.
② 舒适 Second, it is comfortable for people to travel in, especially in changeable weather/ raining days/ sand storm.
③ 炫耀 Third, only a private car can show a person's social status/ achievement/ success/ prosperity in his or her career.
否定段的主题句：① However (Nonetheless/ Nevertheless/ But), there are some disadvantages of owing a private car/ Every coin has two sides.
② While enjoying the convenience that private cars bring us, we should not ignore the problem they create/ produce/ introduce/ make.
③ Despite/ In spite of/ For all the advantages, they brings their own disadvantages/ problems/ negative effects
④ Like anything else, private cars also have their own weakness/ limits.
⑤ However, private cars are not without shortcomings/ faults.
⑥ Yet other speak of the problems private cars have brought. They complain that......
⑦ However, private cars may also bring with it problems our society had not previously faced.
⑧ Despite the increase in efficiency and convenience generated by private cars, the changes they bring could very well lead to potentially adverse consequences.
否定段的分论点：
① 占有空间 On the one hand, private cars take up/ occupy too much space.
② 交通事故 On the other hand, a driver should be careful/ cautious while driving, otherwise, car accidents are more likely to happen.
③ 污染环境 What's more/In addition, private cars give off/ discharge/ release CO which pollute the environment/ air.
注意：所谓上义词是指抽象、概括和笼统的，就是比较superordinate的词;而下义词就是具体的东西，即subordinate的东西。
第四段(总结段)的写法：
① Despite all the disadvantages mentioned above, I still think that the advantages outweigh/ are greater than the disadvantages. As for the above problem, I'm sure they will be settled by the scientists in the future/ It is only a matter of time for the problems to be solved.
② Unquestionably, the challenge of private cars means we all should consider how we can control them, so that they will not control us.
③ Whether the private cars are a blessing or a curse is a difficult question to answer, yet the desire for the comfort and independence a private car can bring will not be elminated.
④ Anyway/ Anyhow/ In any case, whether the effect is good or bad, one thing is certain: private cars have changed and will continue to change the way of our transportation, our leisure and our life.
选择题型变体逻辑结构(My View on Sth.)
选择性观点的变体的文章写作逻辑结构：
Paragraph I:(1)引出将要评论的事物或者是观点; (2)简明扼要的提出人们在这个问题上的两种不同看法。
Paragraph II:(1)提出作者观点(本文主题句);
(2)举例加以论证。
Paragraph III:(1)总结全文(再次强调作者观点)
范文17. My View on Fate
There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of fate. Some people believe that everyone is born to a certain that he can not change, while some other people think that every man is the master of his own life.
注：1. consensus 相同意见
2. 第一句话可以套用，如范文18：There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of wealth.
3. while 轻微转折和对比，强转折用词but, however 4. master 主人
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion. There is a saying, “Everyone is the architect of his own future.” Which means one’s fate is decided in his own hands. In fact, no one is destined to a certain fate in his or her life. Those who claim that they were born to fail or be unlucky just can’t realize how much inner strength and ability they have. We must depend on ourselves to changes our lives and make us successful and happy.
注：1. 第一句as far as与I agree重复，把后半句改为the latter opinion seems more reasonable。
2. architect 建筑师，archor 弓箭手
3. In fact 前后是转折关系，之前从正面阐述，之后从反面阐述
范文17. My View on Fate (续)
Let’s take Helen Keller, an extraordinary American woman, for example. When she was only 19 months old, she became blind and deaf. Instead of accepting her misfortune helplessly, she showed great courage and unconquerable spirit in fighting against her destined fate and was awarded the President’s Medal of Freedom in 1964 because of the achievements she had made for helping the blind, the deaf and the speechless. This story tells us that a wise man is always creating his own fate rather than waiting for good luck.
注：1. 本段开始举例
2. Let's take……for example 中间是插入语，表示强调，举例不宜太长。
In conclusion, I believe that everyone is born equal and is the builder of his own fate We can have good fortune only if we take pains and work hard. We should bear the following saying in mind, “Every man is the master of his own fate.”
注：bear sth. in mind：把……牢记在心
范文13. The Way to Success
第二段：Strong will, perseverance and diligence are the three essentials of success. A man of strong will and perseverance always has an inflexible spirit. He sticks to his cause no matter how tough it might be. Dr. Sun Yat-sen was such a man. Many of his attempts failed, but he held to his purpose with firmness and finally succeeded in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty. Diligence means steadiness in one’s work and study. Su Qin stabbed himself in order to keep attentive to studies. Marx often worked 15 hours a day. Life is short and we have many things to do. Without diligence no one can achieve anything.
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